Miss Representation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Miss Representation - Essay Example One of the most helpful devices for the standard (advanced/electronic media) is distortion. I accept that media is currently a specialist in shaping philosophies; goals and holding under tight restraints people’s ways of life. I concur with the film’s message that there is a specific plan the manner in which media depicts ladies. They are normally depicted as the people in question, irascible and it is extremely unlikely individuals can put ladies on screen without explicitly typifying them. As I would like to think the manner in which media depicts ladies strongly affects the route ladies, in actuality, see themselves. Young people go through hours before TV, latently engrossing data through pictures. It is difficult to contend that TV doesn’t influence ways of life and belief systems. I would concur with the narrative that individuals are giving more consideration to women’s appearances instead of their substance (their insight and aptitudes). It appears as though youth, magnificence and sexuality are the main degrees left for ladies to qualify. Then again, I additionally don’t concur with the extraordinary inverse where ladies should look for a vindictive conduct since they have been depicted as casualties. A vindictive feministic approach towards matriarchy is the exact opposite thing I need. It would do likewise with the male sexual orientation what media is doing with the female sex. This general public, its assets, openings for work ought to be accessible to the two sexual orientations put together just and ONLY with respect to their legitimacy not on their

History and Theory 2 - buildings in context Essay

History and Theory 2 - structures in setting - Essay Example How are they affected by the general public and how would they react to social changes? The sorts of design mirror the solid articulation of changes in social, social, political and financial setting after some time. As new kinds are set up and the current sorts are altered, we see an example which demonstrates this is being done to suit changing social practices, advancements, political or social qualities. At the point when we underscore the relevant effect on the engineering of the structures, we will in general overlook the pretended by planner and the style he has received in structuring the structure. What is significant here is to think about the job of individual modeler and his more extensive complex developments and furthermore inspect the logical issues that he has mulled over for planning a specific structure. These relevant issues greatly affect the structure and significance of engineering. There is a positive connection between a modeler and the general public or the t ime of history in which they live, plan and develop the structures. The client of the engineering likewise has a positive task to carry out in the design since structures are not generally utilized for the reason for which they are planned. For instance a structure may have been intended for instructive purposes in any case may wind up being utilized for entertainment exercises. The designer who has planned the structure may feel hurt with the discoveries. Content In this setting the Palace of Westminster as a structure will be inspected via completing investigation of its structure, work, its stylish highlights and employments. We will likewise analyze the significance of the Big Ben and its area Vis a Vis the Palace of Westminster. Development of the Palace of Westminster was one of the significant achievements of the mid-western Victorian period. The royal residence of Westminster houses the British parliament. It was worked according to the structure of the engineer Charles Barr y. The activity was depended to a portion of the noticeable contractual workers of the time (center of the nineteenth century).They utilized the most recent methods and hardware accessible by then of time. Administrations of talented specialists and a few hundred workers were used for development in a record time (Morton, 2002). The structure turned into a benchmark of amazing development and is viewed as an image of pride for Britain. The Gothic style utilized in the plan, gives a sentiment of the past. It doesn't have an advanced look yet at the same time it is an image of intensity and magnificence. As a token of gratefulness, the Queen gave knighthood to Barry. During the development of the Palace of Westminster its draftsman and developer needed to confront a ton of issues. The expense of the structure, which was at first assessed to be 700000 Pounds Sterling, went as much as 2 million Pound Sterling! It took near 30 years to finish the structure rather than the first assessed time of 6 years. There were a few territories of debate which came up much before the genuine development occurred. These were identified with starting plan, charges of the draftsmen, gauges, issues with gracefully of crude material and so on. The laborers likewise went on a strike which ended the work for right around thirty weeks. No big surprise, the whole venture was full of issues and troubles, directly from the beginning to culmination of the undertaking. Notwithstanding, the final product was wonderful to the point that it was respected by every one of, its clients and

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Structure of a 5-paragraph essay

A 5-paragraph essay is a formal format of a short essay. It is very widely spread and used in middle schools, high schools, and universities. Such essay is supposed to have 5 paragraphs: an introductory paragraph; three body paragraphs with your main point and supporting points with evidence; a concluding paragraph. An introductory paragraph An introductory paragraph is a paragraph where you slightly introduce the problem you are going to open to the reader, arouse interest in your topic, explain it or show the meaning of your topic. An introductory paragraph is supposed to include a thesis and something like a small outline of your essay. This is the part where the writer arouses the readers interest and attention. It notifies the reader what will be the topic of the paper. The last sentence has to have a logical chain, which will lead the reader to the body part of the essay. First paragraph of the body section The first paragraph should state the strongest statement or argument, the most vivid illustration, the simplest but sophisticated example. The first sentence should be logically tied with the ending sentence in the introduction. The subject of the second paragraph has to be in the second sentence. The main point should be related to the thesis in the introduction paragraph. The last sentence should connect the second paragraph with the third one. The second paragraph of the body section The second paragraph should contain the second strongest point, the second most vivid illustration, and the second simplest but sophisticated example or an obvious following of statements mentioned in the starting paragraph of the body. The beginning should contain the ending link of the logical chain carried through the introduction and the first and second paragraphs of the body. The main topic for this paragraph should be mentioned in the first one. This topic should be related to the main point of the introduction. The ending sentence should contain a logical chain to the third paragraph of the body section. The third paragraph of the body section The third paragraph must contain the least important and most meaningful statement. The first sentence of this paragraph should contain the logical ending of the logical chain seen in the previous sentences. The main point is supposed to be in the first sentence. This thesis has to be related to the introduction. The ending sentence has to have a hook, that tells the reader that this is an ending point of the essay, and that the conclusion will proceed. Concluding paragraph The concluding paragraph should contain the following: The finalization and the logical ending of the introduction paragraph A duplication of the main point but in a new, original language. The conclusion of the 3 body paragraphs A final point, that tells the reader that the discussion is over, and the final statement is proved and developed.

Essay about Finn Chap 1-5 - 685 Words

How and why does Twain establish Huck’s voice as storyteller? What do we learn about Huck from what he reveals of other characters’ assessments of him? Twain establishes Huck’s voice as storyteller in the very beginning of the story. He establishes it by Huck’s introduction of the book that must be read that is written by Twain. From the beginning of the story the reader can learn about Huck from the Widows expressions over Huck. The reader can learn that Huck is kind of free spirited and more simple than the clean clothes that the widow puts him in. The reader can also learn that Huck at some point had $6,000 and is also an orphan. Make two columns, listing Huck’s clear likes and dislikes as he reveals them in these chapters. What†¦show more content†¦Huck also believes that his luck is not of the greatest so he also bases his decision of giving up the money he has in hopes of increasing his luck. all of these things are contributing to his core self. These chapters establish components of Huck’s self that others hope to influence: his emotions, his intelligence, his fiscal responsibility, his spirituality, his social self, and his physical health and habits. To what and whom does Huck conform and when/how does he reject conformity in these chapters? Huck kind of conforms to the widows requests and rules. he does not smoke and he wears the clothes she gives him to wear. He also conforms to Miss Watson and does the hourly studies she likes him to do even if he does not want to. He also goes to school and kind of learns to like it. Huck also conforms to Toms requests and commands. He rejects all conformity when he is feeling lonely and feels like he needs to take a break from the world and go and hide out in the woods for a little while. The titles of the chapters are in third person, while the text itself is in the first person voice of Huck Finn. What does this literary device suggest about the argument that Huck and Twain are one and the same? This literary device suggests that Huck and Twain are one and the same because Twain is using influences from his own life to write his story. Its like, although the titles of the chapters are in third person, while the text itself is in the first personShow MoreRelatedSilvia Parra Dela Longa. Professor: Leslie Richardson.1404 Words   |  6 PagesIceberg Theory of his own, composed by compact or extensive sentences, verbs instead adverbs, repetition of words, uncomplicated vocabulary, and the â€Å"read between the lines† technique; second, thematic proposal, Hemingway discovered in Huckleberry Finn an important roll model for the American hero, which he adopted as main thematic subject in his novels; and finally, Papa Hemingway lifestyle proposal, which have been imitated by his descendants writers. The ground of Hemingway’s writing styleRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagescondition on any acquirer Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Edmonds, Ennis Barrington. Rastafari : from outcasts to culture bearers / Ennis Barrington Edmonds. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-19-513376-5 1. Rastafari movement. 2. Jamaica—Religious life and customs. I. Title. BL2532.R37 E36 2002 299†².676—dc21 2002074897 v To Donnaree, my wife, and Donnisa, my daughter, the two persons around whom my life revolves; and to the ancestors whose

Field Assignment - 1404 Words

Olivia Gorena MRKT 1001- Field Assignment #1 1. (a) Find mission statements for three of your favorite companies or consumer brands. Explain how the mission statement for each gives a strategic direction. Explore the strengths and weaknesses of each and make recommendations how these can be streamlined to give better understanding. (b) Create a mission statement for your own career. Explain how this will help you in the job market. 1. Favorite Companies/ Brands i. Tofurky 1. Mission Statement – Tofurky was created to provide â€Å"health and vitality† to people and the ecosystem of the founders home by making â€Å"delicious, nutritious, convenient and affordable† vegetarian and vegan food that are not†¦show more content†¦iii. Urban Outfitters 7. Mission Statement – Urban Outfitters believes in â€Å"lifestyle merchandising†. They not only believe in customer service, but also to have a â€Å"strong emotional bond† with every customer. By doing this they want to provide current fashion trends when they happen, not after. 8. Strategic Planning – UO wants to be able to relate to every young customer they encounter; making their UO experience one they will always feel comfortable in. By devoting their appearance, products, and employees to the current trends of numerous groups, they are able to relate to everyone. They use current trends and technology to attract their customers. 9. Strength and Weaknesses – They have a wide variety of products for men and women ranging from clothing, accessories, music, cameras, home dà ©cor, and also furniture. Not only do they have this wide variety in products, but also in the styles of the products. Their products are not geared towards a specific trend, although they are in style, they have many different trends available. Their prices, like American Apparel, are quite high though. They carry name brands like Obey and others whose prices are hiked up. Seeing as their target market is for younger ages, this could cause a problem. 2. My Mission Statement iv. My fast food chain would only use local farmers crops that were certified organic and non-GMO to provide a healthy fastShow MoreRelated200336 Business Academic Skills 2011.1 Essay Instructions (50%)900 Words   |  4 Pagesresponses into the blank fields as indicated 3. Removing any blank spaces/lines and 4. Inserting the required information in the footer. All the margins, fonts and spacing are already set so there is no need to make any further adjustments. 1 of 2 Submission requirements A hard copy of the assessment is due within the first 10 minutes of your assigned workshop in Week 14 along with a copy of the Turnitin Originality Report which should be attached to the back of your assignment. Assessments willRead MoreField, Assignments, And Probationary Period Essay1423 Words   |  6 PagesCI Field, Assignments, and Probationary Period. Critical thinking is a self-guided and self-directed mental process, which enables us to develop an in-depth analysis. The purpose of this paper is to use the concept of critical thinking, and explain how the Counterintelligence (CI) field could benefit from using a different approach to newly graduated agents from the Counterintelligence Special Agent Course (CISAC) when it comes to the probationary period, training, and assignments. I am using informationRead MoreOsmoregulation in Fish: A Field Assignment658 Words   |  3 PagesOsmoregulation Field Assignment Osmoregulation is the process in which an organism balances the uptake and loss of water and solutes, on a cellular level, in an attempt to maintain homeostasis (Campbell and Reece, 2009). In osmoregulation, the regulation of osmotic pressure is the way in which organisms prevent their fluid from becoming to concentrated or diluted. The osmotic pressure, generated by the net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane, driven by differences in soluteRead MoreWEEK 2 Field Analysis Assignment1316 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Week 2 Assignment Field Analysis Assignment Erika Ann Fowler Devry University Keller Graduate School of Management HRM 595: Negotiation Skills Professor Burnell Carden May 17, 2015 FIELD ANALYSIS UNDERSTANDING THE KEY PARTIES AND THEIR ROLE IN A NEGOTIATION General information and instructions: 1. Review text pages 137–139 in Chapter 4. These pages cover step 9 in the planning process, assessing the social context of negotiation. 2. The field analysis tool is helpful when negotiatorsRead MoreEssay about Doc. Unix1237 Words   |  5 Pagescalled /assignments/data_sources. After your instructor has briefly looked at the paper, she recommends that you change all instances of the reference â€Å"data is† to â€Å"data are† before you submit it.Which of the following commands can you use to locate these references in the file for a quick assessment of how much you have to change? a. find - i data is /assignments/data_sources b. test /assignments/data_sources data is c. grep data is /assignments/data_sources d. scan -t data is /assignments/data_sourcesRead MoreEssay about HW 1 Field Assignment928 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ HW1 Field Observation GGGGGGGGG SOCI213 American Public University HHHHHH I am currently on assignment in Thailand. I am the only African American at the Prakan Chai Market in Buriram, Thailand. I am taking an excursion into one of the rural provinces, and the market is one of the centers of activity in the city. Thailand being known as the Land of Smiles is known for its friendly people. My name is Ralpheal Hoyle. I cannot speak Thai. When spoken to I can only return aRead MoreOperating System Essay1102 Words   |  5 Pagespaper is called /assignments/data_sources. After your instructor has briefly looked at the paper, she recommends that you change all instances of the reference â€Å"data is† to â€Å"data are† before you submit it. Which of the following commands can you use to locate these references in the file for a quick assessment of how much you have to change? Answer: c. grep â€Å"data is† /assignments/data_sources 2. You are interested in determining the number of words in your /assignments/data_sourcesRead MoreAssignment : Planning Engaging Stakeholders1523 Words   |  7 PagesRequirement: SWK 7401/7403 Assignment 1: Planning Engaging Stakeholders (20 points) Successful evaluations begin with careful planning and efforts to engage those who will be part of the evaluation activities. This assignment focuses on using the knowledge and skills you have acquired in this course and other courses to talk about evaluation in your field practicum site and to engage your supervisors (field task instructors, agency director, coworkers, clients, etc.) in your project. AgencyRead MoreFaraday689 Words   |  3 PagesCompare: to regard or represent as analogues or similar; liken, (E.Dictionary, 2006). It is also necessary to examine and compare the two pictures. The picture created of the life and work from the obituary, in The Times, 28 August 1867, p.7,(Assignment Book, 2008), is a very obscure one. An individual reading this extract would find it difficult to know exactly what Michael Faraday had invented, or discovered. There is no exact knowledge, no mention of creation, nothing to indicate unique developmentsRead MoreWhat Success Means to Me727 Words   |  3 Pagesknew what I wanted to do in terms of a career. I knew what hobbies I loved, and so I decided to turn them into something that I would do for the rest of my life. The next objective that I’ve set for myself is to find the perfect job in the career field that I have chosen that is best suited for me. There’s a quote by Confucius that says â€Å"Choose a job you love, and you will never have to work a day in your life† and that is what my aim is for myself. The last goal that I will accomplish is to travel

Salvage the Bones free essay sample

â€Å"It is not that adults produce children, but more importantly that children produce adults† (Peter De Vries). In the novel, Salvage the Bones, Jesmyn Ward takes the readers on a quest through the life of Esch. Esch is only fifteen years old when she realizes that her life is collapsing in on her. She is the only girl in a world full of men; from her drunken father to the love of her life, Manny. Esch’s mother died when she was giving birth to her seven year old brother, Junior, forcing her to take care of this damaged family. Skeetah, one of Esch’s three brothers, is occupied with the care and upkeep of his pit bull, China, and her puppies. Skeetah engages the family in his dog-fights while his friends take interest in Esch at each match or gathering. Her family seems to struggle to find food daily and as the infamous surprise of Hurricane Katrina arrives, Esch battles the realization that she is pregnant. We will write a custom essay sample on Salvage the Bones or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Esch is transformed into an adult through the powerful women in literature, memory, and nature. Medea is an influential literary character that guides Esch to become a stronger woman. At the beginning of the novel, Esch describes herself as a puny, transparent girl. When Esch characterizes herself she uses the all-mighty Greek Goddess, Medea, to contrast. Ward reveals Esch’s self-image, â€Å"†¦She [Esch] wasn’t like the women in the mythology book, the women who kept me turning the pages: the trickster nymphs, the ruthless goddesses, the world uprooting mothers† (15). The description of these women and the last emphasis on â€Å"uprooting mothers† reveals Esch’s jealousy of the mothers who conquer world. She is captivated by these literary creatures and gazes upon their power because she does not have the compelling privilege in a man’s world. Esch takes the first steps to gain strength when she realizes that Manny, the father of her unborn child, manipulates her. Much like Medea is vulnerable towards Jason, Esch becomes weak when she is at the hand of Manny and it is not until her self-respect overpowers her love for Manny that Medea’s influence gives her vitality. â€Å"I hit his Adam’s apple with the V where my thumb and pointer finger cross. He chokes. ‘I loved you!’ This is Medea wielding the knife. This is Medea cutting† (Ward 204). Since Esch only has her experiences to raise her, Medea steps into the role as a mentor because of her confident and bold characteristics. Medea does not take Jason’s nonsense and neither  should Esch. She uses the past tense of love in the above context because she has broken free; Esch finally gains the power she has always longed for. Esch is transformed into an adult because Medea influences her to stand up for herself. Esch’s mother may not be physically with her anymore, but Mama’s memory constantly plays a role in Esch’s growth. Esch never accepts her transformation into Mama’s motherly role because Mama is considered to be virtuous, but other characters and the readers can recognize that Esch becomes like Mama. Esch’s development begins when she is forced into taking care of her father and brothers. ‘â€Å"Junior, stop being orner†. It’s what Mama used to say to us when we were little, and I say it to Junior out of habit† (Ward 24). Esch raises her brothers the way Mama would have raised them. The text shows that Mama is a powerful influence on Esch from the simple use of language in the household. She unconsciously already acts as mother yet degrades herself when she is compared to Mama. When Skeetah witnesses the resemblance in Mama and Esch he explains, â€Å"You look like her. You know that? †¦You not as big as her, but in the face. Something about your lips and eyes. The older you get the more you do.’ I don’t know what to say, so I half grimace and I shake my head. But Mama, Mama always here. See?† (Ward 222). Esch becomes Mama’s motherly persona throughout the novel simply because Mama’s memory is always with her. Mama shows through Esch’s external and internal features as she gets older and older. By being forced into the position of taking care of her brothers and experiencing challenges and problems other teenagers do not go through, she is forced to grow into an adult. The memory of Mama releases a maternal aspect of Esch that allows her to grow to become a woman. There are a few characters in nature such as China and Hurricane Katrina that Esch subconsciously looks up to. Throughout Esch’s quest to salvage herself, China is always alongside to give insight on the harsh world of motherhood. Esch notices how China handles the cruel world of motherhood; it is not from a fairytale or the clichà © lives that white, privileged women brag about. Instead, motherhood is terrifying and dangerous. When Esch catches China killing one of her puppies, she observes, â€Å"China is bloody-mouthed and bright-eyed as Medea. If she could speak, this is what I would ask her: Is this what motherhood is?† (Ward 130). As Esch observes China’s malicious being, her question towards motherhood is full of fear. She witnesses the craze of these influential  females, such as Medea and China, and realizes that becoming a mother will take hard work and therefore she prepares herself for the challenges that lie ahead in life. When Hurricane Katrina destroys Esch’s home, she recognizes that motherhood can also lead to a new beginning. Ward’s description of Katrina says, â€Å" She was the murderous mother who cut us to the bone but left us alive, left us naked and bewil dered as wrinkled newborn babies†¦ She left us to learn to crawl† (255). It is evident that although Katrina destroys Esch’s home, the storm also cleanses Esch’s life and soul. Hurricane Katrina gave Esch and her family the opportunity â€Å"to learn to crawl† or to start their journey to adulthood. Hurricane Katrina is an allegory of starting over. Much like God sent the flood to wash away evil and sin from the world, Hurricane Katrina washes away weakness and insecurity from Esch. The influential characters of nature in this novel unleash the burden of motherhood while also showing Esch that she is the author of her own life story. Through nature, Esch realizes she needs to become more aggressive. Esch comes to grips that she will be a mother and ultimately realizes she is now an adult. Throughout the novel, Jesmyn Ward weaves the theme of motherhood into the pages, revealing the savagery she associated. As Esch takes the journey to becoming a mother she realizes she is in the dark and must turn to mentors out of the ordinary. Esch turns to Medea, the great and powerful goddess conflicted within love, to support her through the heartbreak Manny inflicts. Medea ultimately guides Esch to become strong and confident. Mama is also a lost authority figure Esch must look to for guidance. Mama’s nurturing spirit is what Esch fundamentally uncovers in herself. Lastly, Esch finds guides in the nature of China and Hurricane Katrina to show her that motherhood will not be perfect but that it will be a learning experience worth living through. Esch’s quest to find herself within these female mentors conclusively is what leads her to transform into a strong, nurturing woman.

Personality an Example of the Topic Psychology Essays by

Personality Introduction Puzzling people move all around us. You are one and I am one. Evidence to show that we are single, clearcut individuals is meager; in fact, a large number of studies indicate that each of us alters our personalities and behaves differently, depending upon circumstances. Apparently the same ability holds true regarding ourselves. We do all manner of quite bizarre things that don't fit together objectivelylike the good Christian tax-evaderbut these contradictions don't make us come apart or feel we are two different peopleinstead, I am just me, all one person. We see all parts of ourselves as fitting together; usually it is the mental patient, ironically, who detects the discrepancies, and they are quite worrisome to him. Need essay sample on "Personality" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Personality theorists fall prey to the desire for unity for its own sake all the time. As one author has pointed out, for example, if a woman is sometimes fiercely independent and sometimes rather docile, the psychologist tends to lump these two behaviors together, concluding, for example, that she is actually quite independent and dominating, but to satisfy this need for domination, sometimes she must "pretend" to be docile (Mischel, 2001). This is pretty tricky reasoning. The point is that personality theorists to oversimplify; at least be aware of this as we discuss personality. Nonetheless, science cannot advance without some organization, and personality theories provide this structure, that is, something psychologists can at least "grab hold of" so they have some framework for discussion and experimentation. Personality is difficult to define for at least two reasons. For one, personality is differently defined by different theorists. Freud, for example, would have said that personality is made up of behavior patterns resulting from the handling of sexual and aggressive impulses during childhood. Others see the origins of behavior differently. The second difficulty is that personality is the ultimate in complexity and variability. How do we explain Mr. Jones, who is the following: a tax-evader, a shifty business operator during the week, a faithful and apparently sincere churchgoer on Sunday, a dynamo at work and very meek at home? What is personality? Any definition could give rise to legitimate complaints. But, in order to give the discussion some structure, a definition is needed: personality consists of relatively enduring behavior patterns that result in fairly consistent reactions to a number of different situations. Personality theory attempts to pinpoint specific types of people, determine what is responsible for producing that type of person, and make predictions about their behavior that will hold true most of the time. Background The Meaning of Personality Personality is a fascinating area of study, but a difficult concept to define. In this study, we define personality as the organization of an individual's distinguishing characteristics, attitudes, or habits; it includes the individual's unique ways of thinking, behaving, or otherwise experiencing the environment. The qualities that make up one's personality are relatively stable and organized into a totality. With this definition of personality in mind, we can identify four separate tasks that personality psychologists have addressed (Runyan, 2003). To analyze individual and group differences. Why are people different from each other? Are members of some groups more similar to each other than other groups? For example, are there personality dimensions that influence the way we experience life events such as the midlife transition? To understand particular individuals. Students tell us that this is a major reason that they take introductory psychology. They want to find out what makes peoplethemselves and others do the things they do. To study personality processes. There are many personality processes, including altruism and sex-role differences. For example, are masculinity and feminity dimensions of personality that influence behavior in predictable ways? To develop general theories of personality. Theories of personality are unified explanations for the totality of individual behavior. Discussion Research Issues in Personality Psychologists have approached these tasks using a wide variety of research methods (Craik, 2003). Knowledge about people's personalities can be obtained from their everyday conduct, as is the case in field studies. People also reveal themselves through the products of their imaginations, and this technique is used when personality tests known as projective tests are given to people. A straightforward approach to gathering personality data is to ask people to fill out self-report inventories about their characteristics. With this method, two risks are apparent: People may not be fully aware of what they are like; and if they are, they may wish to cover up some of the flaws they perceive. We gain information of a different sort about personality when we ask others for their impressions of specific people. This technique is known as the use of observer reports in research. Life histories, such as those biographies and autobiographies, and archival material provide a rich source of data on particular individuals for the study of personality. Clinical case histories, on which many of the major theories are based, fall into this category. The most carefully controlled information comes from behavior in laboratory studies of personality. Although control is maximized in laboratory studies, it is sometimes at the expense of naturalistic experiences. No single source of information about personality is the ideal, correct source. All these methods are important for obtaining information about personality. Published research on personality, however, relies heavily on self-report inventories and laboratory studies with limited samples of people. Between 1998 and 2002, 85% of the research published in major journals used these two methods, and approximately two thirds of the research used under-graduate samples (Craik, 2003). However, there has been a trend in recent years toward greater use of biographical material, sometimes referred to as psychobiography, in the study of personality (Alexander, 2003). Psychoanalytic Models of Personality According to psychoanalytic models of personality, people are born with psychic energy that is transformed and redirected during their normal course of development into complex human behavior. In the psychoanalytic view, the human mind is an active agent, with divisions that keep some material from entering conscious experience. We consider in detail psychoanalytic view, the human mind is an active agent, with divisions that keep some material from entering conscious experience. We consider in detail the psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud and, to a lesser extent, other psychoanalytic perspectives. Freud's Psychosexual Theory Freud developed most of his theory through his studies of his patients, people who sought his help or were referred to him for help for psychological problems. These problems, he believed, were related to the ways that instinctual energy was channeled. For example, patients suffering from hysteria, a disorder in which physical symptoms are present without apparent organic basis, were suspected if allowing their sexual energy to build up without appropriately discharging (Freud, 1977). According to Freud, there are two sources of instinctual energy that "are the ultimate cause of all activity" (Freud, 1977). One instinct accounts for feelings and behavior related to self-preservation and preservation of the species, including sexual behavior; Freud called this the life instinct (eros). The other instinct, called the death instinct (thanatos), impels the person toward aggression and destruction (Freud, 1977). Most of Freud's work on personality was concerned with the life instinct. However, Freud's views in aggression and its place in civilization merit a slight digression. Primitive people, according to Freud, had no restrictions on the expressions of their instincts. Expression of sexual urges was not restricted by social norms and decorum. Contemporary civilized societies, however, place fairly rigid restrictions on sexual expression. We can only have intercourse in appropriate places and with certain people or we face severe social sanctions. Similarly, civilization limits expression of our aggressive instincts. Freud felt that aggression was a derivative of the death instinct, and that it could be channeled in two different directions. If directed toward the self, then the individual risks self-destruction. If directed away from the self, aggression is the result. Because of the instinct demands some kind of expression, a decrease in aggression increases the risk of self-destruction (Freud, 1977). Freud's views on aggression are controversial in a number of respects. For one thing, he tells us that civilization itself is part of our problem. Conclusion From a practical point of view, Freud's notion that aggression is an instinct that demands some kind of releaseinstead of a form of social behavior that can be increased or decreased through environmental circumstancesis especially controversial. Consider the case of television violence. If Freud's views are correct, then watching televised violence might actually be a good thing. People could reduce their aggressive instincts through catharsis, on relief of the emotions from viewing the experiences of others. Perhaps no aspect of everyday life is more common than watching television. In the average American household the television set is on more than 6 hours a day, and the average child between the ages of 2 and 11 watches it for about 3 hours daily. Estimates are that by high school graduation, the average American child will have spent 11,000 hours in the classroom and 15,000 hours watching television. Programs aimed specifically at children, such as Saturday morning cartoons, contain a great deal of violence. The National Institute of Mental Health's report on television and behavior estimates that children's weekend programs contain more violence than do prime-time shows (NIMH, 2002). Hundred of studies have examined the relationship between television violence and actual aggression among viewers. In one of these studies, more than 500 children in grades 1 through 5 participated in a short-term longitudinal study. Reference: Alexander, I. (2003). Personality, psychological assessment, and psychobiography. Journal of Personality, 56, 265-294. Craik, F.I.M. (2003). Personality research methods: A Historical perspective. Journal of personality, 54, 18-51. Freud, S. (1977). Analysis of a phobia in five year old boy. In A Strachey " J. Strachey (Eds. And Trans.), (Vol. 10,pp. 165-305). New York: Penguin (Penguin Freud Library). Mischel, W. (2001). Continuity and change in personality. Amer. Psychol. 34:1012-1018. National Institute Mental Health (2002). Television and behavior: Ten years of scientific progress and implications for the eighties: Vol. 6. Summary report (DHHS Publication No. ADM 95-1195). Washington, DC:US Government Printing Office. Pervin, L.A. (2005). Personality: Current controversies, issues, and directions. Annual Review of Psychology, 36, 83-114. Runyan, W.M. (2003). Progress in psychobiography. Journal of Personality, 56, 295-326

Major Depressive Disorder

Major Depressive Disorder Introduction This assignment is a discussion on the topic of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD).The discussion is based on the definition of Major Depressive Disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Major Depressive Disorder specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The purpose of the discussion is to analyze the definition of MDD and identify any gaps based on the social and biomedical perspectives, after which it gives the recommendations to fill the gaps in the definition so as to inform the definition of the MDD in the next edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The discussion starts with a definition of MDD, then goes on to identify the gaps and the recommendations to fill the gaps. At the end is a conclusion which sums up the main arguments of the discussion. Discussion The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Di sorders Criteria for Defining MDD The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders bases its definition of MDD majorly on the criteria of consistence and persistence of symptoms. The criteria distinguish MDD from depression by describing MDD as occurring in a prolonged manner, usually for a period of two weeks. It defines MDD as a form of depression in which the patient experiences feelings of disturbed moods in a recurrent manner. The mood disturbance cause disruption of the patient’s normal mood and makes him or her unable to adjust or behave accordingly in school, family setting as well as in work. The criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders does not have any kind of diagnosis for MDD but relies on observation of the patient, the patient’s own account of changes in mood as well as reports by close friends or relatives on the observed changes in mood in the patient. The most notable symptoms which are relied on in diagnosing for MDD include day to day mood changes lasting for more than two weeks, lack of interest in virtually all daily activities even those which are very interesting, instances of daytime sleep (hypersomnia), loss of appetite which leads to loss of body weight, or a weight gain by more than 5 kilograms, inability to concentrate or think aptly, fatigue which leads to feelings of tiredness even after waking up, occasional thoughts about death which are accompanied by feelings of worthlessness, and suicidal or homicidal tendencies. On the symptom of depressed mood however, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria does not categorize depressed moods caused by things like drug and alcohol use or misuse, or depressed mood caused by other medical illnesses or conditions as MDD.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It does not also diagnose MDD for patients who are believ ed to have histories of mixed episodes, mania, bipolar disorder or hypomanic. Similarly, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria do not attribute the symptoms of depression caused by stress and bereavement in the criteria for diagnosing for MDD. The treatment and management of MDD under the criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders mainly constitutes of three major interventions namely psychotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy and the use of antidepressants. For psychotherapy, the criteria recommend cognitive behavioral therapy both to the victim and his or her family members as well as close friends. It also recommends the method of psychoanalysis which was proposed by Sigmund Freud as a way of reconciling the past experiences with the present so as to help the patient get rid of the traumatic experiences of the past and live in a new orientation. According to the criteria, psychotherapy is recommended for patients with mild forms o f MDD. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders recommends antidepressant intervention for the severe cases of MDD which are accompanied by other mental illnesses. The commonly used antidepressant is the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), which is known to be effective especially for those patients who have recurrent episodes of MDD as well as those who respond negatively to psychotherapy. Electroconvulsive therapy is recommended for those patients who do not respond positively to both psychotherapy and antidepressants. It is also recommended for those patients who have suicidal tendencies, or those who are faced with the threat of dying due to their inability to eat or drink. It involves the generation of seizures in the patient’s brain through the use of electric waves especially when the patient is in a state of anesthesia. The Gaps in the Definition and Recommendations One major gap in the above definition of MDD is that the Diagnostic and S tatistical Manual of Mental Disorders does not consider social factors such as stress, stigma, criticism from other people, isolation and other relationship problems and challenges in its definition of MDD. According to a study done by Kleinman in 2004, negative criticism especially from family members is a major cause of MDD especially among women (Kleinman, 2004. pp.951-953). Other researchers have found out that grieve may be a cause of MDD, especially if the patient loses loved ones in a series of episodes. The prolonged stress as a result of bereavement may precipitate MDD in the patients, especially if the patients had strong emotional attachment to the deceased.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Major Depressive Disorder specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The next edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders should therefore consider including in its criteria of the causes of MDD the socia l factors mentioned above. This would allow for wider conceptualizations of the disorder, consequently leading to a wider conceptualization of its treatment and management. This would also widen the scope, especially with regard to counseling approaches involved. Such a move may see the inclusion of bereavement counseling as a way of dealing with or managing MDD. Going by the Diathesis-Stress perspective of mental illness, the criteria for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders has got some other gaps in its definition and conceptualization of MDD. According to this perspective, individuals are born with certain predispositions, which are nurtured by environmental interactions into specific thought patterns and or personalities, some of which may manifest themselves as MDD. The diathesis stress perspective identifies various predispositions which may shape the future personalities of young children. Such predispositions include genetics, neurotransmitters, neurobiolog y and the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis (Martinowich Lu, 2008. pp.342-348). The next edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders should therefore comprise the above mentioned predispositions in its definition and conceptualization of MDD. This is because with such a gap in a definition of an important concept like MDD, it can make the diagnosis and treatment too narrow, biased and consequently inappropriate and inadequate in dealing with the disorder. The idea of the current edition of ignoring symptoms linked to personalities is tantamount to ignoring a very important aspect of mental illnesses. MDD should therefore be contextualized not only in terms of the duration in which it occurs but also on the history of the individual especially in regard to the above predispositions. The other gap which is found in the definition and conceptualization of MDD in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental criteria is the role of sleep patterns in M DD. According to Krishnan, both ‘decreased REM latency’ and ‘decreased slow wave sleep’ are known to be major contributors of MDD. This is because upon the necessary intervention to deal with them, most patients show improvement in the severity of symptoms of MDD. Based the findings by Krishnan, the next edition should include the sleep patterns in the diagnosis for MDD. This would make the treatment of MDD more inclusive and consequently effective, as opposed to the current situation in which the sleep disorders and patterns are completely ignored in the diagnosis and treatment of MDD. Conclusion This assignment was a discussion on the topic of major depressive disorder. The discussion was based on the current edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) and how it defines MDD. From the discussion, it has emerged that the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) criteria is perhaps the most comprehen sive approach in defining MDD as well as other mental illnesses.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The criteria for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders defines MDD based on the criteria of the duration of the symptoms, which it puts at two weeks. In the diagnosis of MDD, the criteria rely on observations of symptoms like suicidal tendencies and lack of concentration in the patients. These symptoms may be reported by the patient or his or her close friends or family members. One of the gaps which have been identified in the definition is the ignorance of some predispositions like genetics as well as social factors like stigma, isolation and criticisms. One of the recommendations is that the next edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders should factor in the issues identified above so as to fill the gap in the definition and make the diagnosis and treatment of MDD more inclusive and effective. References Kleinman, A. (2004).Culture and Depressions. The New England Journal of Medicine, (351) 10, pp.951-953. Krishnan. (2010). Epidemiology, Pathogenesis Neurobiology of Depression. Web. Martinowich, K., Lu, B.(2008). Interaction between BDNF and Serotonin: Role in Mood Disorders. Neuropsychophamacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychophamacology, 12(3), pp.342-348.

Mount Saint Helen's Video (Back from the Dead) Essay

Mount Saint Helen's Video (Back from the Dead) - Essay Example According to researchers the mountain is categorized as a composite volcano due to its characteristics, emanating from the cone shape and also the composition of the mountain’s layers which include lava, ash and volcanic debris. The mountain was symmetrical before its eruption; it also commanded a considerable height. As indicated earlier the effects of the Mt. St. Helens eruption caused losses, in economical and geographical spheres. According to the information collected, the destruction spread to an area of more than 500 square kilometers. The lava emitted flowed and covered the area indicated above, bringing about destruction to the existing vegetation, killing the animals located within the area, and also displacing a lot of people from the region (Carson p 79). According to research, 57 people died, the group included inhabitants of the region, scientists and geologists. Historical data clearly shows that the area had been locked up to prohibit the entry of residents, si nce scientists had made a conclusion that the mountain was at its dormant stage. As the video clearly indicates, the respondents interviewed through the documentary are not certain whether the mountain will erupt within the coming years. Indications from the remnant vegetation and land cover only attests to the magnitude of the eruption. The process started with a gradual occurrence which proceeded to a bigger result. The process began with a series of earthquakes being experienced from the bottom part of the mountain. As the number of earthquakes increased the mountain erupted releasing ash and steam. After the eruption, a continued earthquake process and the bulging of the northern part of the mountain clearly indicated that magma was moving up, through the vent (Carson p 124). As the bulge continued, the continued earthquake action led to the busting of the northern compartment of the mountain, triggering the sliding of ice and rocks down the mountain. Consequently after the viol ent earthquake action, the mountain erupted releasing gases, magma and water from the northern side where the bulge had been spotted. The eruption triggered the acceleration of the molten rock, hot rock and ash all over the surface. The effects of the eruption can be accounted for, through the covering of the nearby basins and lakes. Other forms of disturbances are accounted for through classification into various disturbance zones where the effect was witnessed. The first disturbance zone is the flow of the pyroclasticmaterial through the face of the mountain. This process generally involved the flow of pumice and gas through the crater into the overlooking land. This flow caused destruction to the existing organism, with both the vegetation and organic organisms not spared. Debris thrust from the crater also cascaded down the mountain, with avalanches also being witnessed. The second disturbance zone, also known as the northern debris avalanche was witnessed soon after the norther n region of the mountain collapsed due to the bulging of the surface. The debris collected from the collapsed material formed into a large mound which caused a large landslide, which according to the historical evidences indicates that it was the largest land slide witnessed. After the landslide had been experienced, the ice found at the peak of the mountain melted into water which combined with other materials such as sand, boulders and other debris to form a thick material,

What were the critical success factors allowing the corporate venture Essay

What were the critical success factors allowing the corporate venture between SAS and IranAir to succeed - Essay Example The professional article Customer Focused Service Development in Practice – Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) by Guustafsson, Ekdahl and Edvarsson shows that Scandinavian Airlines System is currently improving its face value by implementing many dramatic changes. This changes were to keep up with the competition’s services. For, the current and prospective customers of Scandinavian Airline System had seriously impressed their demands and complaints that has forced the administration of SAS to dance to the music of the customers. Historically, many airline companies have closed their ears to the suggestions and recommendations of the flying public. Many airline companies feel that they are too engrossed in their stagnant self–centered theory that the Airline companies should build a fence to cut off the customer’s complaints and suggestions. Surprisingly, SAS had a questionnaire survey to ferret out the complaints and suggestions from current and prospecti ve customers. Based on results of their survey questions, the new company policy is to prioritize implement programs that the current and prospective clients want in order to increase airline sales.

Leukemia: An overview

Leukemia: An overview What Is Leukemia? Leukemia is the general term used to describe four different disease-types called: Acute Myelogenous (AML), Acute Lymphocytic (ALL), Chronic Myleogenous (CML), and Chronic Lymphocytic (CLL). AML, the most common type of leukemia, is an attacking cancer of the bone marrow and blood. ALL, the most common in young children and adults over 50, is a cancer of the lymphocytes. CML is a cancer of the blood-producing cells of the bone marrow. CLL is a cancer of the lymphocytes. What are the Symptoms of Leukemia? The symptoms for leukemia depend on the type of leukemia. For AML, the symptoms are: fatigue, weakness, easy bruising or bleeding, weight loss, fever, bone or abdominal pain, difficulty breathing, frequent infections, swollen glands, and swollen or bleeding gums. For ALL, the symptoms are: fatigue, weakness, easy bruising or bleeding, weight loss, fever, bone or abdominal pain, dyspnea (difficulty breathing), frequent infections, swollen glands, and enlarged liver or spleen. For CML, the symptoms are: fatigue, excessive sweating, weight loss, and abdominal swelling or discomfort because of enlarged spleen. For CLL, the symptoms are: swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck, under the arms, or in the groin, discomfort or fullness in the upper left part of the abdomen because of enlarged spleen, fatigue, fever or infection, abnormal bleeding, and weight loss. What is the Diagnosis? The diagnosis for leukemia again depends on the type of leukemia. For AML, the tests that may be used to diagnosis a patient with AML are: blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, lumbar puncture, imaging tests, and subtypes. The tests that may be used to diagnose a patient with ALL is a little bit different. They are: blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, flow cytometry and cytochemistry, cytogenetics, lumbar puncture, and imaging tests. The tests for CML are: blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, cytogenetics, and imaging tests. The tests for CLL are: blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, flow cytometry and cytochemistry, and imaging tests. Some of the factors that may be considered by your doctor when choosing a diagnosis test are: age and medical condition, the type of cancer, severity of symptoms, and previous test results. What are the Risk Factors? A risk factor is anything that increases a persons chance of developing cancer. Some can be controlled, while some others cant. Most do not directly cause cancer. The risk factors that may raise your chances to get any one of those types of leukemia are: your age, if you smoked or if you are smoking, genetic disorders, high doses of radiation, if you had a previous chemotherapy treatment, race, viruses, gender, family history, and ethnicity. What is the Treatment? The treatment for each type of leukemia may depend on the classification, how healthy the person is, the patients stage, risk status, the subtype, morphology, and cytogenetics. Some of the kinds of treatments are: chemotherapy, induction, complete remission (CR), consolidation therapy, maintenance therapy, re-induction therapy, and central nervous system prophylaxis (preventive treatment), consolidation or intensification, Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Treatment (APL), Imatinib, Dasatinib, Nilotinib, stem cell transplantation/bone marrow transplantation, Interferon, SCT, Hydroxyurea, and Biologic therapy. What are the Side Effects of Cancer and Cancer Treatment? Cancer and cancer treatment can cause a variety of side effects. Some of the side effects are: constipation, fatigue, hair loss, infection, mouth sores, nausea and vomiting, Neutropenia, skin problems, and Thromboc- ytopenia. Not all patients have side effects. What about After Treatment? After treatment, talk to your doctor about developing a follow-up care plan. People that are in remission should have regular follow-up examinations for a few years to see if there is any sign of relapse or late effects. What are Some Questions to Ask the Doctor? Some questions that you should ask the doctor are: â€Å"What is my Diagnosis?, What does this all mean?, What subtype of (ALL, AML, CML, and CLL) do I have?, What are the possible side effects of this treatment?, What clinical trials are open to me?, Do I need to start treatment right away?, How likely is it that my (ALL, AML, CML, or CLL) will go into remission?, How will the treatment affect my normal activities, including my ability to work or attend school?, What support services are available to me?, Can you recommend a leukemia specialist?, and Where is the best place for me to be treated?.† What is the Classification for ALL Leukemia? The doctors classify ALL based on the type of lymphocytes that are affected.

We Must Have the Right to Keep and Bear Arms Essay -- argumentative, pe

Within the United States Constitution, amendments one through ten referred to as the â€Å"Bill of Rights† contains amendment two which reads â€Å"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed† (States, 1789). Despite this amendment, gun control still remains one of the most highly-debated issues in the United States. While the Constitution clearly states our right â€Å"to keep and bear Arms†, the gun control lobbyists continue to challenge this right by using the media to convey misleading stories on how guns by themselves are the problem. By contrast, the real issues are not the guns but the people who use them. Therefore guns should not be used as a political patsy to avoid dealing directly with the real issues that prompt gun-related violence. After the incidents at Columbine and Virginia Tech., a typical emotional reaction would be to blindly demand a b an on all firearms or wish they never existed in the first place. Some may feel motivated to push for legislation that makes us feel like we are "doing something," but this may not accomplish anything, or worse, it could do more harm (Schools and Gun Violence, 2008). Therefore the problems with American society are not related to the possession of firearms, but rather an unraveling of ethics and morals. To preserve our civil liberty such as the right to keep and bear arms, our current laws must be enforced consistently. Adding additional restrictions on our civil liberties will only ensure that one day our rights will slowly erode away, until gone completely. Just as any restriction put on the right to petition the government for a redress of grievances can be viewed as a violation... ...amounts to nothing less than tyranny: an insult to the intelligence of the people. Gun control underestimates the ability of citizens to educate themselves in proper weapons storage and usage. Gun control places too much power in the hands of the government, which can so easily turn on the people. The American Constitution should rarely be tampered with; its Bill of Rights was written with wisdom and foresight. The right to keep and bear arms is immutable. Works Cited Association, N. R. (2010). Issues. Retrieved June 11, 2011, from NRA: http://home.nra.org/#/ila Schools and Gun Violence. (2008, June 29). Retrieved June 11, 2011, from GunSite: http://guncite.com/gun_control_gcgvscho.html States, C. o. (1789, March 4). Bill of rights. Retrieved June 11, 2011, from http://www.archives.gov: http://archives.gov/exhibits/charters/bill_of_rights_transcript.html

Chemistry of Biomolecules Essay

Our class on DNA is divided into 3 parts: (I) Genetics (II) DNA structure (III) Concepts and applications. I. Genetics: In the primordial period, simple molecules were formed from atoms and from these molecules, macromolecules were formed. These macromolecules formed life and all living organisms. The classical genetic and heredity observations in the 19th century started the search for the origin of life. The transforming principle of DNA was demonstrated from the experiment in which non-pathogenic (R-form) and virulent (S-form) but heat treated bacteria, when co-injected, could kill the mice. After that, the link between genes (DNA) and genotype / phenotype was established. The link between the features of an organism and genes was established. II. DNA structure: The genomic DNA of a eukaryotic cell is located in a special organelle, the nucleus, whereas in a prokaryotic cell there is no nucleus. In a virus, including bacteriohage, the genome is packed efficiently. The nucleus of a human cell contains complete genetic DNA, organized in 46 chromosomes (22 autosomal pairs and two sex chromosomes). Chromatid is one of the two identical copies of DNA in a chromosome. The two copies approach each other at the centromere. The ends of DNA in a chromosome are called telomere. The location of a gene in a chromosome is marked as, say, 7q31.2 where 7 refers to the chromosome number, q is the long arm (the short arm of the chromosome is called ‘p’), 3 refers to the region of a chromosome when colored using a particular process, 1 refers to band 1 in that region and 2 refers to a sub-band within band 1. In the chromatin, DNA is wound around the histone core (made by 2 copies each of the H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 proteins) and clamped by the H1 protein. Anytime this DNA is accessed for any biochemical reaction, there will be physical rearrangement of DNA and the histone core and furthermore the histone proteins undergo chemical modifications, like acetylation and methylation. Two strands of DNA form duplex DNA through base-pairing. In a basepair, the two bases are unlikely to be perfectly aligned or coplanar. In the same token, two adjacent basepairs also need not be perfectly parallel to each other. There are three forms of DNA: B-DNA, A-DNA and Z-DNA. The B form is the physiological form. The other two forms are man-made from specific sequences. While the first two forms are right handed helices, the last one is left-handed. In the B-form, the minor groove is narrow and the major groove is wide whereas in the A and Z forms, the groove widths are nearly the same. Also, a basepair in the B-form cuts the helical axis whereas in the A-form, a basepair is very much away from the helical axis. However, in the Z-form a basepair lies in-between. Supercoiled DNA: In a chromosome (or even in a circular plasmid), DNA exists in a supercoiled form. Several studies have established the connection between the number of base-pairs (linking number, twist) and the level of supercoiling (writhing number). Assume there are 260 B-DNA base-pairs (10 base-pairs will form one full turn, Fig. 1; start from base-pair 1 on a strand and come to the same but one earlier position on the same strand after 10 base-pairs; the next 10 base-pairs form the next one round and so on). Now, convert the linear DNA into circular DNA by connecting the ends of the same strands. The twist T = total base-pairs / 10 = 260/10 = 26. The linking number is the number of times one strand crosses the other, which is also 26. So the equation becomes, L = T + W; or 26 = 26 + 0 Now cut only one strand and unwind that strand two times and reconnect the ends. That means, L becomes 24. In order to balance the above equation, 24 = 26 – 2 or W becomes -2. Or, the new circular adjusts (writhes) with two cross-overs. If you over-wind by two, L = 28 and W = +2. Even now, the circular DNA writhes by 2 but in the opposite direction. Apart from DNA, RNAs are also very important in several cellular processes. There are 3 types of RNA, mRNA, rRNA and tRNA. Of these 3 classes, the tRNA is normally depicted in the ‘clover leaf’ form, displaying its amino acid acceptor region and the anti-codon region. An amino-acyl tRNA synthetase enzyme attaches a corresponding amino acid to the tRNA. An important and emerging field is non-coding RNA. Class 1b III. Applications and concepts: There are several applications and processes that involve nucleic acids. However, due to the limitation of time, we will learn only a few applications. 1. DNA replication: In molecular biology, the important fundamental processes are: the cell cycle (including DNA replication – the making of DNA using a DNA template), transcription (the making of mRNA using a DNA template) and translation (the making of a protein using mRNA as a template). The next level of events includes reverse transcription (the making of DNA using an RNA template) and the making of RNA using an RNA template. The making of a protein using a DNA template is not yet known. In prokaryotic DNA replication, DNA is unwound by enzymes like helicases and long leading strands ( for the parental 3’ to 5’ strand) and several short lagging strands (for the parental 5’ to 3’ strand) are made by the DNA polymerase. The short fragments are joined by ligases. If there is any problem during DNA synthesis, like base-pair mismatch, selected enzymes fix those problems. In a eukaryotic cell, there are several origins of DNA replication (dedicated sequences in DNA) in a chromosome. DNA replication must be initiated only once per origin per cell cycle. First, origin replication protein complex (ORC) binds to the origin of replication. The CDC6 protein (CDC28 in yeast) binds to ORC. The CDT1 protein binds to CDC6. Next, the mini chromosome maintenance proteins 2 to 7 (MCM 2-7) binds to the above proteins. The assembly of all these proteins is called ‘licensing’ and the above complex of all these proteins is called the pre replication complex (pre-RC). There are two modes by which DNA re-replication is prevented. The first mode is through the involvement of cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs). We are not going to review that mode here. The other mode is through the involvement of geminin, a protein. Once DNA replication is initiated, Geminin binds to Cdt1 and primes it for degradation. Once Cdt1 is removed from the pre-RC, there cannot be another DNA replication firing. At the end of the cell cycle, even geminin is degraded. This way, DNA replication takes place only once per cell cycle. We have published the structure of geminin. The geminin-Cdt1 complex structure is also published by another group. 2. Cloning: In conventional sexual reproduction or in vitro fertilization (IVF), an egg is impregnated by a sperm cell. But in cloning, the nucleus of an egg is removed and a nucleus from any suitable cell from an individual is implanted. This cell grows with the same genetic make-up of the nucleus donor (not the egg donor). 3. DNA microarray: This development is an important tool to study how a normal cell and an affected cell (say, a cancer cell) behave and what are the genes that are up-regulated and down-regulated. On a commercial DNA chip, unique and short single stranded DNA fragments of all known human genes (as of today) are immobilized on glass. Take a normal cell and a cancer cell. Make complementary DNA for all the RNAs in the cells. Treat the normal cell DNA with a dye (say green) and that of the cancer cell with a red dye. Now pass the two pools of DNA through the chip. The genes that are active only in the normal cell (thereby making mRNA and hence cDNA) will bind to their complementary fragments (immobilized on the chip) and will emit green signal when detected. Similarly, the genes that are active only in the cancer cell will bind to their complementary fragments and will emit red signal. The genes that are common to both cells will give out yellow signal. From this we can learn which genes are upregulated and down regulated in a particular cell for a particular disease condition. 4. Transgenic / reporter genes: Selected color displaying proteins, like green fluorescent protein (GFP), can be used as reporters to identify the location of protein expression for a protein of interest. The GFP gene is attached to the gene of our interest and injected in an embryo and the location of protein expression is visually observed. Such techniques can be used to generate multicolored ornamental fish for the same species. 5. DNA protein interaction: Several proteins interact with DNA. For example, transcription factors bind to the promoter / enhancer regions of a gene. Restriction enzymes bind to and cut DNA. DNA polymerase is involved in DNA replication and RNA polymerase is important for transcription. Furthermore, amino-acyl tRNA synthetases bind to tRNAs and attach corresponding amino acids to them. 6. RNA interference: Most of the free forms of RNA, messenger RNA molecules in particular, are single strands. tRNAs and selected RNA regions are double-stranded. Many viruses, however, form long stretches of double-stranded RNA when they replicate. When our cells find double-stranded RNA, it is often a sign of an infection. However, plant and animal cells have a more targeted defense that attacks the viral double stranded RNA directly, termed RNA interference. Viral double-stranded RNA are cut into pieces (about 21 base-pairs), called small interfering RNA (SiRNA) by the protein Dicer. The argonaute protein strips away one strand from the siRNA, and then looks for any viral messenger RNA that matches it. If it finds some, it cleaves the RNA, destroying it. In this way, the cell removes all viral messenger RNA that is the same as the original double-stranded piece found and processed by dicer. Based on this principle, we can synthesize a non-natural interfering RNA, then insert it into a cell to destroy any messenger RNA that we desire. Researchers use these small RNA molecules to fight disease, for instance, using them to knock out cancer genes. 7. RNA modifying enzymes: RNA has to be modified in selected cellular processes. For example, uridine is modified to pseudo-uridine by pseudo-uridine synthase enzymes.

Cultural Diversity Of The United States - 896 Words

Culture can be defined as â€Å"language, ideas, beliefs, customs, taboos, codes, institutions, tools, techniques, works of art, rituals, ceremonies, and symbols† (Merriam-Webster, 2014). The United States is currently experiencing a dramatic change regarding cultural diversity. According to a recent census, 36.3 percent of the United States population belongs to an ethnic or racial minority (U.S. Census Bureau, 2010). Increased immigration from around the world is continually adding to the numbers of our already culturally diverse nation. However, despite a marked increase in life expectancy, a decrease in infant mortality, and other health care improvements, many minority groups still experience poorer access to heal care. It should be the goal of every health care worker, especially nurses, to do all that is in their power to not only culturally congruent care but also to attempt to eliminate these health care related disparities. 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