The legalization of Hemp has significant medicinal and industrial value. :: essays research papers fc

The legalization of Hemp has signifi mountaint medicinal and industrial value.From high schools to college campuses, marijuana can be seen just about everywhere. It is quite easy for a parent to jump to horrid conclusions upon hearing the word marijuana. What is unfortunate is that the majority lack true knowledge of marijuana for its practical purposes and the relevance it has had in ancient history. There are far more constructive and legal uses for marijuana other than for experiencing euphoria. For the last(prenominal) forty decades, many have protested for marijuana to be legalized as a drug for its medicinal uses and strength as an industrial product. Marijuana is formulated from a seed known as Hemp (cannabis sativa) which is a widely cultivated Asian herb of the mulberry family (Merriam-Webster). Hemp was an integral part of earlier lifestyles treating such ailments as gout, malaria, gas pains and nausea. Page 2Hemp fibers and oils were used to make different kinds of fab ric including clothing, rope and sails. There is no disputing that marijuana is passing versatile in its uses and its hard not to question why society cannot "milk it for what its worth." With our countrys economy and natural resources suffering, it is imperative that turn over industrial solutions be found. Politicians and society love to keep the petty discussions of getting "high floating around to keep hemp from be legalized. The argument being if it were legalized there would be a highly significant increase in use, especially among the younger generations. However, alcohol, another horribly misused substance, is perfectly legal (to those of trance age), has no significant industrial value and showed a decrease in use upon legalization. It has also been proven to cause more damage than hemp fine-looking the conclusion that there are far more benefits from hemp than alcohol. The only legal use of hemp found today is medicinal. Hemp is used in cases of terminall y ill cancer and glaucoma patients who suffer from chronic pain. Although far from being a cure, it helps relieve eye pressure caused by glaucoma. Research also indicates that hemp eases the nausea and vomiting cancer patients experience during chemotherapy.

Shakespeares Macbeth - The Tragic Hero Essay -- Macbeth essays

Macbeth - The Tragic Hero Every true Elizabethan Tragedy comes complete with a tragic hero. The tragedy Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare, has a perfect example of a tragic hero, otherwise known as Macbeth. A tragic hero must be a man who is colossal and admirable in various ways. He should be placed in society in such a way that everything he does affects all of the members of his society. A tragic hero should at some point reach the top of Fortunes Wheel, but land up at the bottom by the end of the tragedy due to the continual change of fate. Macbeth fits the description of being a tragic hero, displaying his strengths, his weaknesses, his tragic flaw, and how influential outside influences are on him. Macbeth emphatically has a number of strengths that are prevalent throughout the entire play. At the beginning of the play, Macbeth tellms quite noble. He fights in the battle against Norway, proving his honor (Lowe). Ambition is some other one of these str engths. Macbeth is so determined that it enables him to become King of Scotland (Lowe). It facilitates him to be strong, to overcome his hindrances, and to attain goals (Lowe). Weaknesses are another characteristic of a tragic hero, and Macbeth displays these quite evidently. Although aspiration was one of the aforementioned strengths obtained by Macbeth, it is a weakness of his, as well (Macbeth Tragic Hero). In detail, it is such a substantial weakness that it constitutes as Macbeths tragic flaw. Being so motivated can cause someone to do horrible things to get their way, as one can see by noting that ruthless is a synonym of ambitious. Through the course of the play, Macbeth kills several people in order... ...gic Hero). There are many traits that make up a tragic hero, and Macbeth displays each of these. Macbeth definitely completes a cycle in Fortunes Wheel, starting off as a highly grand man at the plays beginning and being the exact opposite by the end. His actions affect everyone in his society. He displays strengths, weaknesses, a tragic flaw, and the fact that he is vulnerable to outside persuasions, thus making him a perfect example of a tragic hero. Works Cited Lowe, Lawrence. Macbeths Tragic Flaw. http//server44.hypermart.net/homeworkdatabase/essays/essay11lit.html (10 January 2005). Macbeth Tragic Hero. http//www.digitalessays.com/essays/eng_plays/eng_plays_0013.html (10 January 2005). Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. Ed Louis B. Wright and Virginia A. LaMar. New York Washington Square Press, 1959.

The Effects of Industrialization on Society Essay -- Industrial Histor

The Effects of Industrialization on Society The Industrial Revolution changed society from an kitchen-gardening based community into a thriving urban city through many interrelated changes. One of the most of the essence(predicate) changes was the quantity and rate of products produced to meet the rising demand. Large industrial factories increased capability and productivity, which caused a shift in economy. Karl Marxs believed that the new changes overturned established economies as well as society. He voiced his view through the communist Manifesto to show people the negative effect industrialization was having on society. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, society and economics were largely determined by ground and agriculture. Growth was slow and people relied on traditional means to survive. The majority of societies were farmers who raised crops and animals for a living. However, in the eighteenth century, the population exploded and grew at a significant rate. The four primary factors behind this growth are a decline in death rate, an increase in the birth rate, the virtual excreting of plagues, and an increase in the availability of food i. This burst of population created an excessive amount of workers, who were not needed in the agriculture society. The need for workers in agriculture decreased due to the advances in technology and tools. A large number of people as well as perspective farmers had to find jobs elsewhere. This is one of the important factors in the shift of the population from rural areas to the more urban cities. The introduction of machinery initiated the Industrial Revolution making factories an important way of life. The machinery in factories used the pow... ...is, and Francisco Lou, As Time Goes By (New York Oxford University Press, 2001), 164-168. v. Freeman and Lou, 194. vi. Montagna, vii. The Acts 29 Times. viii. Fielden, John, The Curse of the Facto ry System (New York Frank Cass and Company Limited, 1969), xiii. ix. Wing, Charles, Evils of the Factory System (New York Frank Cass and Company Limited, 1967), clxxxv. x. Fielden, 34-35. xi. Chris Rohmann, A macrocosm of Ideas (New York Random House Publishing, 1999), 249. xii. Rohmann, 249. xiii.Marx, Karl. Communist Manifesto. History and Religious Studies. 1st ed. Page 19. xiv. Marx, 16.

Benefits of Social Networking Sites Essay -- Argumentative, Twitter, Fa

Throughout life, men, women, and youth meet people. These people will either leave a negative or positive effect on us and some will only be in our lives for a short period of time. However, once we start to endure contact with them questions arise and we begin to wonder What does he/she look like now? Where has he/she been? How has he/she been? Why did we stop talking to one other? or what would our relationship be like if I had kept in contact with him/her? Well there is no need to wonder anymore. Ever since the device of social networking tools, such as, Facebook, MySpace, AIM, Blackberry Messenger (BBM), Twitter, and Formspring, millions of people have been able to instantly notify others concerning their whereabouts, meet/make new friends, reconnect with old friends, blog, play games, and transfer videos and pictures. Social networking has become a part of our daily routine and is a trend that will only continue to evolve as we grow old. originally the release of the hi ghly popularized social networking websites, such as, Facebook in 2004, similar forms of social networking tools were used. Brian McConnell, an internet user since 1988, stated that he used various sites, known as CompuServe, and Prodigy (McConnell, 2008). I did some research on the sites he listed and found out that CompuServe was the first online service available in the 1980s and played a major role in the foundation of user i.ds, email services, picture transfers and etc. As time passed by the second online service became available. It was called Prodigy and allowed users to devil a number of different networking sites. They ranged from news and weather services to bulletin boards, games, polls, banking and a variety of other features. Since t... .../Boyd, Danah. (2007) Why Youth (Heart) Social Network Sites The position of Networked Publics in Teenage Social Life. MacArthur Foundation Series on Digital Learning Youth, Identity, and DigitalMedia Volume (ed. David Buckingham). Cambridge, MA MIT Press.Facebook.com. Retrieved February 15, 2010, from http//www.facebook.com/home.php?/profile.php?id=1226190648&ref=ts Boyd, D. M., & Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social network sites Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), bind 11. http//jcmc.indiana.edu/vol13/issue1/boyd.ellison.html McConnell, Brian. (2008). Social Networks from the 80s to the 00s. Retrieved February 17,2010, from http//gigaom.com/2008/01/20/social-networks-from-the-80s-to-the-00s/ Friendster.com. Retrieved February 15,2010, from http//www.friendster.com/

Compressed Air and Water :: science

prostrate Air and WaterThe goal of the following research is to demonstrate that Carlton & United Breweries (CUB) decreased energy and urine spending will not sole(prenominal) protect their environment, but also earn and save them extra income.Brewing used to require about 25 litres of water per litre of beer, nowadays it requires only 4 to 5 litres*, on the other hand, compressed mien accounts about 10% of electricity consumption in the diligence*. CUB needs to use cutting edge technologies, more preventive maintenance programs and very simple ways in which the procedure gouge sire cleaner* in order to reach and overcome these requirements. And lets not forget that every litre of water and watt of energy save will be reflected as a profit.Water IssueCUB has taken the water issue in consideration, reducing its consumption by 7-9%, only by installing a recycling system which is capable of distributing re-used water for the cooling towers of the engine room, boiler house, flo or wash-down and pasteurisation*. However, there is a serving that can be done in order to reduce even more this percentage cisterns on the roof collect rainwater that can be used for the toilets and landscape irrigation, saving 3.9 million litres of potable water a year*, and also, can be purified and used as the re-used water if necessary*. exhibitioner Brewery, also from Australia, is saving an average of 5,812 KL per month*, some of their main water reduction actions are replacement of heat exchange equipment with more efficient units, steam condensate return to the boilers, The installation of a 32 KL tank at to collect water from the carbon dioxide and air compressors for use as boiler feedwater, among others*.Compressed Air IssueNot much has been done in order to make a significative reduction in the compressed air issue. Actually, it has reduced 1%, only by applying air knives instead of compressed air in order to dry the bottles before labelling and a leak identification program. in that respect is wide range of possibilities CUB could work on in order to reduce its compressed air consumption, which its translated into less energy consumption from the air compressors and blowers. Switch to state of the art air compressors, these can really mean a huge difference regarding energy consumption*. Variable Speed compressors (VS), can match the air demand by adjusting the motors RPMs and energy consumption, however, VS are most efficient at low to mid capacity ranges (20-60% full load), and are knowing only to intermittent operation at 100% capacity*.

Essay --

Mindy TruongCIN 301305048Lab Section 5Colpophyllia natans and Symbiodinium DiversityCo-evolution has occurred in many different forms amongst different species of the different kingdoms. These organisms jackpot either be epenthetic or mutualitstic amongst each other. Co-evolution is the key force to building our Earth. An example is Colpophyllia natans and Symbiodinium in which they both have a mutualistic relationship. Edmunds and Gates stated, Mutualistic symbioses are intimate relationships among devil or more taxonomically distinct organisms in which each member benefits from the association and the holobiont has greater functional and ecological scope than each of the individual components (2003). This geek of mutualistic relationship between these dickens organisms requires a certain adaptation where it can affect speciation and global diversity, the biogeochemical cycles, and maintaining the health of the ecosystems. Adaptation is critical to establishing this relationsh ip between Colpophyllia natans and Symbiodinium. Colpophyllia natans is depart of the reef coral building, which is from Kingdom Anamalia whereas Symbiodinium is the genus of dinoflagellates that is from Kingdom Protista. There are more than one species of the genus group of Symbiodinium they are grouped in clades from A-D (Finney et al., 2010). There are two clades within the Colpophyllia natans that is B and D (Finney et al., 2010). The Symbiodinium lives within the corals gastrodermal cells, together they exchange nutrients such as nitrogen and carbon (Goldberg, 2013). These Symbiodinium can either be inherited by the parents or obtained through the environment. Goldberg stated that these Symbiodinium influence the calcification process, they prov... ... are the source of new medicine and other biochemical agents (2013). Cyanide fishing can also cause habitat loss for many organisms that depends on these corals for survival (Goldberg, 2013). If global warming and human activ ity continues to increase, then the health of the ecosystem would face chaos. Co-evolution has vie a huge role in the development of many organisms, such as this symbiotic relationship between the Colpophyllia natans and Symbiodinium Diversity. Without this Symbiodinium Diversity, the Colpophyllia natans may die off. The adaptation between the two has evolved over many years, and now they rely on each other for the exchange of nutrients. The biodiversity of these species plays a special role in the ecosystem, such as providing shelter and protection. The health of the ecosystem depends on these reef-building corals for many things.

Essay --

Mindy TruongCIN 301305048Lab Section 5Colpophyllia natans and Symbiodinium DiversityCo-evolution has occurred in more different forms amongst different species of the different kingdoms. These organisms can either be parasitic or mutualitstic amongst each other(a). Co-evolution is the key force to building our Earth. An example is Colpophyllia natans and Symbiodinium in which they twain have a mutualistic relationship. Edmunds and Gates stated, Mutualistic symbioses are intimate relationships between two or more taxonomically distinct organisms in which each member benefits from the affiliation and the holobiont has greater functional and ecological scope than each of the individual comp one(a)nts (2003). This type of mutualistic relationship between these two organisms requires a certain adaptation where it can strike speciation and orbiculate diversity, the biogeochemical cycles, and maintaining the health of the ecosystems. Adaptation is critical to establishing this relatio nship between Colpophyllia natans and Symbiodinium. Colpophyllia natans is part of the reef coral building, which is from Kingdom Anamalia whereas Symbiodinium is the genus of dinoflagellates that is from Kingdom Protista. There are more than one species of the genus group of Symbiodinium they are grouped in clades from A-D (Finney et al., 2010). There are two clades within the Colpophyllia natans that is B and D (Finney et al., 2010). The Symbiodinium lives within the corals gastrodermal cells, together they stand in nutrients such as nitrogen and carbon (Goldberg, 2013). These Symbiodinium can either be inherited by the parents or obtained through the environment. Goldberg stated that these Symbiodinium influence the calcification process, they prov... ... are the starting time of new medicine and other biochemical agents (2013). Cyanide fishing can also cause habitat loss for many organisms that depends on these corals for survival (Goldberg, 2013). If global warming and hu man activity continues to increase, then the health of the ecosystem would face chaos. Co-evolution has played a huge role in the development of many organisms, such as this symbiotic relationship between the Colpophyllia natans and Symbiodinium Diversity. Without this Symbiodinium Diversity, the Colpophyllia natans may die off. The adaptation between the two has evolved over many years, and now they rely on each other for the exchange of nutrients. The biodiversity of these species plays a special role in the ecosystem, such as providing shelter and protection. The health of the ecosystem depends on these reef-building corals for many things.

Critical Thinking Society Essay

How have critical thinking skills in humans evolved over time? Since evolution is a process which issuances millions of years, The human fossil record reveals that our ancestors were capable of using st matchlesss as tools. An ape-like human ancestor living a million years ago was custom manufacturing a variety of stone tools and using fire. Early humans used even more sophisticated tools such as spears and arrows. These stone climb on people are depicted as cavemen but this belies the fact their culture was fairly sophisticated. The proof is the last stone age culture encountered in new times Native American Indians.Many meso-american cities were far larger than european cities during the middle ages. Looking at modern euro-american culture, it is seen the only real difference is engineering based on metal instead of stone. All the social institutions are still present, reguardless of the particular style of political system behavior in use. existence probably have not evolv ed mentally since they evolved as a separate species. In a sence, it is our technology which is evolving. How have the principles of logic helped shape modern acquaintance and technology? Logical thinking provided a method by which scientific thought could evolve.The general assumption allowed a statement the presence of (whatever) is always accompany by (Something else). (Whatever) is present, therefore (Something else) is also present. The ability to move from the solid ground of a known fact to assuming the possibility of an another(prenominal) fact allowed a test for the second fact, and allowed thought to outpace knowledge, so that people thought impossible things and found ways to obtain them.How does a critical analysis of ones society and self-importance contribute to a particular internal and/or external perspective on the world? Critical analysis of self and society of course involves challenging ones current view of oneself and ones current view of ones society (not t o boot a societys view of itself). In order to do this, one must take up a stance that falls outdoors of ones habituated perspective. To the extent to which perspective differs from horizon, Im tempted to say that the horizon would be a circle that surrounds and contains various perspectival circles, such that a horizon is richer than any given perspective but its still distinct from other horizons.These other horizons may be represented by circles which both overlap the first but are not synonymous (like the Olympics symbol), or which stand entirely outside each other as O O. Each self could contain within its horizon perspectives, and each self-horizon could be a perspective within a social horizon. In other words, each person has the potential of taking up plural perspectives within his/her horizon, and likewise a culture as a whole can take up different perspectives within its horizon.

The Rich Benefits from the Poor

The coupled States is the most developed capitalist rescue in the world. The exchanges within the economy provide profit-motivated companies endless potential in the pursuance of pecuniary accumulation. Throughout the twentieth-century competitive companies fork all over implemented modernized managerial procedures k straighting to raise profits by trim down unnecessary costs. These cost-saving procedures wipe out had a substantial burden on society and especial(a)ly members of the workings class.Managers and owners of these competitive and self-motivated companies have consistently worked by dint ofout this century to exploit the most controllable component of the production process the actor. The worker has been hale by the influence of military forceful and flush(p) business owners to work in conditions hazardous to their well being in addition to preposterously menial compensation. It was the masterful manipulation of society and legislation through strategic obj ectives that the low- lease workers were coerced into this position of destitute.The strategies of the affluent fragment of society were conceived for the selfish purpose of monetary unclutter. The campaigns to augment the business position within the capitalist economy were designed to weaken organized struggle, reduce corporate costs, gain legislative control and reduce international opposition at the outlay of the working(a) class. The owners have gained and relate to gain considerable risqueesiness from these strategies. To understand why the owners of the powerful companies operate in such a selfish path, we must look at particular importants of both capitalism and corporation strategy.Once these rudiments are understood, we depart more clearly relate the prospect of the profit- take onking corporations of America. Legal discussion result also be included to show how the capital possessing elite operate through presidential termal parties to achieve their finan cial objectives. It is the synergist effect of these numerous strategies that have fly the coop to the widening income gap in America, persistent attempts of contraction in workers rights and increased corporate political influence. These campaigns have come at an expense to Americans and will only continue to benefit the affluent society.The United States is a capitalist economy. In a capitalist economy individuals who wish to gain wealth can invest their capital into markets in hopes of future returns. If this investment gains in encourage past the investor has earned a return, which can be reinvested. This creates a roulette wheel of investing and reinvesting for potential future return. This wealth creating motorbike is a fairly simple concept to understand, but tight individuals have learned to fabricate this cycle into different situations. A common form of investment is purchasing and selling of corporate variants.The stock market works like all markets on the fundamen tal possibleness of supply and demand. The more demand for a stock the higher it is valued and conversely the less demand the less it is valued. Corporations are legal entities which publicize stock to investors who purchase them and reverse shareholders of the company. The risk taken by investors is that when they buy stocks it is possible that the individual company will not do well, or that stock prices will ordinaryly weaken. At worst, it is possible to lose entire investments, but no more then that.Therefor, shareholders of a corporation are not creditworthy for corporate debts. So, a corporation would be a very attractive geek of investment for potential investors to consider. Corporations compete against each other in markets in the United States and around the world. These corporations have employees who perform various functions that contribute to achieverful strategic goal completion. Corporations often will offer stock inducing plans strategically to employees in p ositions of importance.The enticement to employees is to work in a manner that will increase the value of the company and their shares of stock. These incentive plans were strategically developed by study shareholders beca intention the corporate executives felt that people would be motivated to increase their own wealth. Most employees are motivated by bills and will work harder when the witness is ca-can for more property. The very nature of this strategy consolidates all the employees to act as one self-motivated entity in the pursuit of monetary accumulation.In Piven and Clowards regulate the Poor, this point is illustrated Capitalism, however, relies primarily upon the mechanisms of a market-the promise of financial rewards or penalties-to motivate men and women to work and to hold them to their occupational tasks (4). The increased motivation of important members of the men by the enticing tactics of greed for wealth is a result of strategic planning by the study share holders of the firm. The cost to these primary shareholders is the stock incentive plans affected additional stock to fulfill, which cut back the valuation of all stocks.The major shareholders know this devaluation is only temporary because self-motivated employees will act in a manner that will increase the value. The primary concept for discussion purposes is that self-motivated major shareholders have utilized the capitalist theory and thus, created a business compact with employees that will venture self-motivated decisions on all levels. The strategy worked and throughout the country employees are busy increasing the value of their stock, but most importantly, they are increasing the value of the major shareholders.We will see this investing concept throughout most this paper because the monied resist adverse conditions with money. The Republican party remained dominant throughout the 1920s, stay unaffected by factionalism that plagued the Democratic society. The party a ct to align its platforms with the southern whites, and owners and managers businesses. Even in extraordinary economic times of prosperity for the wealthy, the Republican companionship continued to advocate industrial economic values.The primary dilemma to republican business interests was the labor problem. The Republicans finally intemperate their discussion on four encompassing approaches to labor problems the progressive approach, the airfoil shop class approach, the efficiency-engineering approach, and the political approach (Zeiger 11). Most businessmen resolved harshly to end labor activism and to quietly continue their paying business interests. This behavior of this standpoint took the pattern of employer resistance to labor unions, but originally the open shop crusades proved to be the most fruitful in the short-run.The open shop crusade, now illegal because it gave employers the ability to hire prospective employees on the ass if they belonged or support trade unio n activities. This restricted the employees ability to strike on a particular issue because they lack the power of numbers that a union possesses and could be replaced. Open shop enthusiasts were a major and forthright part of the Republican Party because of the financial resources they possess. Many republicans determined them intemperate and adherent, and their perspectives were damaging and perfect.These open shop enthusiasts constituted a vocal and influential segment of the party. They often proved quite effective in their efforts to chastise organized labor, for many Americans shared their concern. Still, many Republicans considered them extreme and doctrinaire, and their views harmful and inexpedient (Zieger 74). It was these Republicans that lamented these controversial assaults on labor problems, such as Herbert C. Hoover who wished to tog up a whole new style of labor relations based on the philosophies of efficiency and cooperation.By 1921 industrial engineers and oth er experts had developed the Taylor Society, the Federated American Engineering Societies. The Taylor Society was designed to improve the efficiency of a job-place in hopes of reducing severe factory working conditions. This in theory would increase aggregate production, which would lead to more available jobs and humiliate-un purpose. The main points to be established is that the Republican Party was support by wealthy business owners. The worst opponent of the worker is the wealthy business owner within the Republican Party.These are the characters that advocate extreme hostile tactics such as the open shop crusades. Regardless, they support the Republican Party financially and therefor the Republican Party acts as their portion politically. One component of the production process that can be controlled by management is automation. Regardless, the employee still performs a necessary function in the production process. The taylorization theory states employers have an incentive t o make a job function more efficient.The increased efficiency results in lower berth production costs, lower aggregate unemployment evaluate and higher company profit returns. The industrial revolution was characterized by the widespread replacement of manual labor by machines that could perform the job functions quicker and or at lower costs. The industrial revolution was the result of inter related to fundamental changes that transform smaller market economies into an industrialized economy. Many products that were made at collection plate or in small work units were transferred to large factories.Since the factories could produce at lower costs the product could be sold at a lower cost. This competitive advantage drove the smaller competition out of business. The people who profited from this effect were the owners of the mechanisms of production. This marks the offset printing of an era where these wealthy owners would prosper over the working class. The aggregate effect of the increase production efficiency lead to the development of massive industrial parks. These parks expanded the scale of production dramatically and became concentrated in cities and large towns.Since traditional production relied heavily in the needs of local subsistence it gave way to the more market orientated production devices. This economically force large numbers of the rural poor who moved to towns and cities to become the wage seeking labor force necessary to run rapidly expanding industries. This extensive front of communities had a considerable result on labor prices and ultimately constrained these people to become the urban poor. The effect of the Industrial Revolution on American society was substantial.Income following workers increased the population of large towns and cities mischievously. From 1860 to 1900 the number of urban areas in the United States expanded fivefold. Even more striking was the explosion in the growth of big cities. In 1860 there were only 9 American cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants by 1900 there were 38. Labor markets were flooded with eligible workers seeking employment and through pure labor competition they were willing to work in any environment for any wage. The environments factory laborers were forced to work in were considered by many Americans to be despicable.Regardless of the factory working conditions, many people were obligated to take the employment. Employment was necessary to generate income to support oneself and family. As a result, the Exploited workers received no power to contract with the owners of production. Instinctively managers and owners of capital have contrasting labor interests then those perspectives of employees. Wages and profits incomes divide the value that production adds, so by definition, labor and capital interests often are on opposing sides of loving policy that affects the price level of the factual wage.The real wage can be regarded as the price that equates the su pply of and demand for labor, (Foley and Michl 70). Owners and mangers of capital seek a flexible labor force, which is counter for the workers desire for stability and security in their employment and conditions of life. At this point in history, the affluent society of the United States was generating immense wealth by capitalizing on the poorer workers needs for minimal financial requirements. The wealthy invested their capital into factory production devises, which drove out smaller competing business from the market place.This profit seeking strategy worked because it economically forced resource deficient workers into the cities. The supply for labor increased, which coerced many employees to work for the affluent owners at a agree cut-rate real wage rate. These events began to illustrate a scenario that would set the scene for modifications in workers rights. The laborers had to develop a strategy to counteract the indigent working conditions imposed upon them by the owners of the factories. The labor market surplus further developed the workers dependency upon the self-motivated employer.Trade unions were formed to advocate rilievo of some dependency and support the workers efforts by gaining a quantifiable measure of power over their economic standing. Initially, the trade unions had limited success until they exercised the real true power workers have over employers The strike. The strike in labor relations is a completely organized game of work and production carried out by a large group of employees. The purpose of the strike is either enforcing workers demands that relate to unfair labor practices and or to employment conditions created by the self-motivated owner.The response to labor unions by business owners was the use of open shop tactics. Employers organizations and business groups commenced a lively campaign for the open shop. Armed with the then-legal yellow-dog contract, by which an employer could require a prospective employee to ag ree not to join or support a union (Zeiger 20). The wealthy opposed the trade unions use of the concept of collective dicker because it advocated the subject of workers rights. Collective bargaining is where individuals with interest in the matter treat their stipulations until a compromise is found.The wealthy industrialists despise that their interests would are in constant danger by collective bargaining. In response, Americas industrialist launched a well-financed general attack on the very concept of collective bargaining (Zeiger 20). The use of collective bargaining proved to be an effective tool in bargaining with owners and managers. This meant that workers have finally developed a technique through labor unions that competently combats the proprietors regimen.During the 1920s and 1930s, strikes occurred as a natural feature of nationwide unions of the American Federation of Labor and other groups soon to be recognized as the relation of Industrial Organizations. Striking h ad become a major weapon in the labor movement and was threatening the profitability of the production owners. The strikes and threatened strikes, the radical agitation, the sharp industrial depression, and the whole automatic teller of discord and unrest that pervaded the country end ferocious the Republic and demanded action (Zeiger 74).The wealthy republicans had to promote an offensive campaign to end this threat. So as previously stated, they adoptive well-financed strategies aimed at the courts to obtain injunctions, which would legally prevented strikes in specific circumstances. The success of these strategies is confirmed in Zeigers Republicans and Labor 1919-1929, The 1920s marked the climax of antilabor judicial activities. (260) The basis the owner persuaded the courts with was that their property was either damaged or threatened and that they were powerless without legal solutions.It was the possession of financial resources that allowed the wealthy to recruit and empl oy powerful and compelling lawyers. Legally persuading the courts of law with expensive lawyers was the sole purpose of the use of financial power to authoritatively force workers back into the production factories and produce profit for the owners. From the perspective of the wealthy, the application of financial resources to generate future income is honorable capitalism regardless of the situations context.The power of wealth even can influence courts of law through lawyers and thereby, give the wealthy extreme power in legislation during this period in history. The Democratic Party during this era was experiencing outbursts of factionalism. The convention in 1924 was racial divided by southern whites and the northern urban blacks. The future success of the party was depended on the need for a change. The strategy developed by the leaders was to begin the rescript of the Democratic Party appeal. The leaders of the Democratic Party realized that poor people could be a powerful v oting coalition.The great depression of 1929 forced millions of people into unemployment and poverty. These unemployed workers practiced approaches of protest through disruption demonstrations. These massive demonstrations help advance the working class voters hostility and renunciation of the Republican Party. The Democratic Party thus capitalizing on this re adjust their platform to advocate the needs of poor people with the intent to gain votes. This re-alignment of party policy angered the southern democrats whose views were becoming more Republican.Having lost the southern support, the Democratic Party became the primary political instrument of vocalization and evolution of labor class politics. During the electoral realignment of the 1930s, the Democrats gained the overwhelming allegiance of most manual workers and their unions, (Piven and Cloward 421). The alignment of the working class with the Democratic Party coalition developed two powerful strategies to combat the wealt hy and business leaders. As stated previously, the workers held extreme striking power over the means of production in factories.Now they had power in the organization of the working class population and could coordinate their votes to consolidate political force for their perspectives. The concept is similar to how the employees of a corporation have incentives to pursue company goals as a team. The main political project of labor parties became the use of state power to develop the welfare state (Piven and Cloward 21). Therefor, in the 1930s the democrats became a party of vigorous government intervention in the economy and thus the social realm.The goals of the party were to regulate, redistribute economic wealth and to protect people who are in need of avail in an increasingly competitive society. The depression of 1929 and the coming of Franklin D. Roosevelt into the presidency with the New Deal help syndicate and enlarge the commitment to governmental expansions of assistance programs and industry regulation. Due to the economic conditions of the era, the advocators of economic assistance proved to be attractive to society and The Democratic Party flourished.The result of these campaigns was increased workers rights and a seemingly practical welfare state. Massive unemployment during the Great Depression created a socially dysfunctional society. Without the ability to create income through employment, basic physiologic necessities were not being met. When large numbers of people are suddenly barred from their traditional occupations, the entire structure of social control is weakened and may even collapse (Piven and Cloward 7). During the depression, society experienced this symptom, which resulted in massive protests.The Democratic Party under the direction of Roosevelt recognized the need for government intervention. The party aligned itself with the working class and began to advocate workers rights legislation. Under Democratic Party control, feder al funds were used to establish the Works Progress Administration, now known as the Work Project Administration, which distributed assistance to citizens in need of subsistence. In 1935, Roosevelt again used federal funds to create public works programs, which gave employment opportunities to the unemployed.As a result of declining republican political power, these and other initiatives were introduced to help increase workers rights. These workers rights that the Democratic Party supported were the same rights that the Republican Party had worked so hard to repress from regulation. In addition to passing labor rights laws, legislative action was taken against the wealthy industrialists use of legal injunctions. These lawful injunctions were used as an intimidating scheme to suppress union membership and ultimately strikes. In 1932 the U. S. ongress enacted the Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction prompt.This legislation severely limited the self-motivated employers use of injunctions as a standard operating procedure against strikes. Another tactic of wealthy employers to combat unions was the use of the open shop strategy. Abolishment of the open shop regime was usually one of the primary demands by labor unions in collective bargaining. The National Labor Relations Act of 1935, known as the Wagner act, because of its sponsor Robert Wagner was adopted and help end the open shop crusades.This act federally guaranteed workers the right to organize through trade unions, use of collective bargaining and firmly incorporated a set of employment standards. It also restricted employers from practicing pre-employment tactics such as the open shop strategy. This reduced the power that republican business representatives could exert over the prospective and employed worker. In addition, the federal mandated right of collective bargaining guaranteed workers negotiation hearings in which employers had to perceive to the workers needs. Congress also established the Social Security Act, which is a form of social welfare.In 1938, the United States Congress implemented the pretty Labor Standards Act. This primary functions of this act was to eliminate labor conditions that are dangerous to works health and productivity, it also established a minimum wage to eliminate the disastrous effects of high labor supplies, overtime wages were developed to eliminate excessive work weeks, and finally it eliminate oppressive youngster labor. The result of the Democratic Party effect on legislation during the labor movement is essential a bill of rights granted to the working class of America.No longer would the wealthy elite of America victimize the low wage working class in such inhumane techniques. Instead, these legislative acts marked the beginning of a new challenge to the Republican Party. Now the party had to reclaim lost legal ground by slowly returning to power of the United States Government. The legislative mandates of the Roosevelt era helped establish what is now known as the labor movement. Society was suffering adverse conditions and the Democratic Party circularised the people into a political voice.The Republican Party was essentially powerless, regardless of their financial position because government officials were responding to public outcries. This historically proves that when conditions are unfair, a political party can mobilize society and gain control. Roosevelt also initiated measures that resulted in higher taxes on the rich and restricted private utility companies. Although these combinations did not stop the wealthy republicans from continuing to gain additional wealth, it only slowed their progress. History when again prove that the Republican Party would come back into power and restrict the rights of workers.This occurred when a Republican majority Congress passed the Labor-Management Relations Act of 1947, known as the Taft-Hartley Act evidencing this reoccurring political phenomenon. This act retracted some of the rights that were implemented during the labor movement. These provisions included restricting supervisory employees protection from the NLRA and emphasized the right of employees not to join a labor union. These restrictions of labor rights were in the interest of the Republican Party and were created to reduce the power previous legislation granted labor unions.The successful creation of this statute reinforces the evidence that wealthy Republicans continually attempt to swindle the blue-collar labor class. Their motives are based within selfish financial greed and capitalist economy theory. This congressional act illustrates the phenomenon that bipartisan control and power is cyclical. The Democrats did regained majority of congress and implemented numerous anti-business and social interest acts in the 1960s. Due to the political cycle, The Republican Party inevitable would gain control of congress once again, but the doubt was when?During the economic crisis of the seven ties, particularly the great recession of 1973-1975 businesses began to understand their role in the worlds economy. America was importing more then it was exporting, which was creating an unfamiliar and frightful trade deficit. In 1971, for the first time since the 1890s, the U. S. imported more then it exported, (Cohen and Rogers 36) Increased competition from foreign firms posed a substantial threat to American corporations. The result of this threat forced American corporations to compete with globalization.Corporations could no longer produce simple marketing campaigns to develop brand loyal consumers. Global competition forced these companies to produce the highest quality, lowest price and distribute through efficient channels. The international competition however, operating in countries were labor is cheaper, taxes are lower, there is few industry regulations and an absence of unions. In addition to these competitive forces, managers of the corporations must also answer t o the wealthy shareholders of the corporation. Many business leaders formed think tanks to devise strategies to compete with this new threat.American business leaders set about developing a political program to shore up profits by slashing taxes and business regulation, lowering wages and welfare spending, and building up American military power abroad, (Piven and Cloward 443). The sources of all of these objectives were root within government policies. These policies would inevitable have to change for these goals to be achieved. So, the corporate elite implemented a political strategy that would slowly form over decades to achieve. Even in modern times the wealthy elitist of society still could influence political matters through the power massive financial resources.During the 1980s business elite continued to align themselves with the Republican Party for it conservative ideals. The methods the wealthy corporation shareholders influence legislation during modern times has extrem ely advanced. The development of political action committees has encouraged corporations to channel financial contributions into political campaigns. Corporations will develop a PAC, establish a set of issues that it promotes politically. If a politician is campaigning for an election with corresponding views, then it is in the best interest of the PAC to contribute to the campaign.More importantly, corporations are to contribute to groups and individuals not directly affiliated with a candidate, such as the GOP. These groups or individuals can register, persuade voters, endorse a platform, advocate a candidate and oppose another. The Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment of the Constitution protected this type of spending as a form of free speech in its 1976 decision, Buckley vs. Valeo. These donations are referred to as soft money because they are not directly related to a campaign.The absence of regulation on soft money donations results in the option for corporations to c ontribute millions of dollars to further their political interest. This advantage has a profound effect in the corporate political strategy. Corporations can simply treat politics as a business expense, a budget item like advertising, enquiry and development, or public relations (Clawson, Neustadl, and Weller 109). Through the strategy of the use of campaign contributing soft money, corporations have hugely increased their influence on political issues.This new corporate political influence has succeeded in their campaign to minimize threats to profitability. These threats were reduced most noted during the Reagan years when the Republican Party dominated the government. The administration has made significant cuts in social spending, particularly in low income programs, and made plain its desire for deeper cuts achieved a massive, and massively regressive, revision of the federal tax system in 1981 dramatically scaled back the enforcement of regulations that posed any significan t limits to business power, (Cohen and Rogers 38).This success demonstrates the influential power that wealth has over the United States government. The government by definition should act in the best interest of the population and not the elite. Instead the influx of soft money continues to be unregulated and as proven by the Supreme Court decisions in 1976. This decision closely resembles how the courts protected the rights of employers in the labor disputes of the 1920s. The reasons why the rich corporations target the government are because the government holds the supreme lawful power over the entire population.History has proven to these elitists that with well financed operations targeting campaigning officials over time favorable legislation will be passed. The legislation usually reduces some sort of cost or regulation in that firms industry. This increases the profitability of the company, which is directly related to the owners wealth. These incremental increases in profi ts have lead to more investments to further heighten the value of the wealthy. This is apparent by the vast and increasing gap between the rich and the poor in America.The poor are relatively easy targets in comparison to the costs of soft money contributions. In America, it is very difficult for the poor to change their financial status. So, once a person is poor they are generally poor for the rest of their lives. They will continue to spend their lives spending the little money on the products these corporations provide. In short, the corporations are developing an enlarging consumer base that is dependent upon their products. The middle class is slowly vanish because of the loss of blue-collar jobs.The loss of blue-collar jobs is a symptom of the increasing presence of globalization. Globalization has privileged companies to outsource their production needs to other countries with lower regulation and labor costs. This resembles much of the labor practices of companies in the 1 920s were the labor rights were essentially ignored. Another easy solution to minimize the firms operating costs is by eliminating valuable jobs.These sometimes massive downsizing satisfied the wealthy stockholders because the firm had lower production costs and higher profitability. Investors often applaud the news of a layoff as a sign of corporate turn-around. The payroll is a large, ongoing liability to the balance sheet, and investors are titillated by anything that reduces it, (Downs 14). History repeats itself as we see that wealthy investors and managers again behave in manners regardless of peoples needs. The forces unleashed by corporate executions and globalization have brought into the labor market thousands of hopeless job seekers with little or no income.A new underclass has of previously employed individuals has become a nationwide trend in our social and economic condition. These people are forced to take jobs within the service sector and these jobs typical pay wag es that are lower then those of manufacturing jobs. These trends have formed a synergetic effect on the growing wealth gap between the rich and the poor. In todays modern economy companies do not have to worry about the United States government regulating the labor industries in other countries because of jurisdiction.The use of soft money in the United States government has proven that even at home corporations can freely advocate legislation that is favorable to their terms. This has had a profound effect on the income gap in American society. The wealthy possess financial resources that provide enormous opportunities to create more wealth. This need for excessive wealth is deeply rooted into the personalities of these individuals. In America, society considers the pursuit of wealth has a fundamental right of capitalism. The ethical boundary was crossed by the use of financial resources to victimi

Alfred Binet

Among the most prominent persons in mental testing is Alfred Binet, who was born July 11, 1857, at Nice, France, and died in Paris on October 18, 1911. Binet finished a licence in law in 1878 and then pursued, but did non complete, a medical degree. Binets early interest in psychology was influenced by Charcots work in hypnosis. Binet then pursued other experimental topics, eventually arriving at his interest in mental testing. For much of his career, Binet served as director of the Laboratory of Physiological Psychology at the Sorbonne.Following a period of experimental pass with Victor Henri, he accepted a collaborative research arrangement with Theodore Simon. Simons proximity to mentally retarded exits and Binets membership with the Society for the Psychological Study of the Child formed the basis for significant research. Binets active involvement with the society led to his appointment to a study commission of the Ministry of Public Instruction from the vantage point of w hich he saw the have need to find a way to several(predicate)iate those children who could learn normally from those who could not (Wolf, 1973, pp.2122). After failing to obtain academic positions at three french universities, Binet produced with Theodore Simon, in 1905, the first intelligence scale oriented to tasks or behavior rather than to so-called faculties (Wolf, 1973, p. 29). The scale was part of a more comprehensive work out for differentiating normal and retarded children, and it was revised in 1908 and 1911. His test was introduced in America by Henry Goddard, who developed his own edict. The most popular American revision was that of Louis Terman in 1916. Binets scales ingrained the concept of mental age in testing for decades.The first experiments to catch his fancy involved the two-point threshold the simultaneous excitant of the skin by two compass points, and the determination of the conditions under which they were perceived as one or recognized as two. This procedure had already been the subject of much experimental investigation, and early psychologists had learned that the separation of points required to produce a sensation of twoness varies greatly with the part of the body stimulatedfor example, it is some 30 times greater for the small of the back than for the tip of the index finger.Several theories had been pro constitute to story for these variations, focusing on the presumably varying distribution of nerves in different parts of the body. (Thorndike, R. M. , and D. F. Lohman, 1990). Binet conducted a few simple two-point threshold experiments on himself and some friends, and concluded that the theories he had read about were wrong in some of their details. He quickly wrote an article describing his experiments and offering a corrected theory. Always a graceful and persuasive writer, he succeeded in getting this print.Any pleasure at visual perception his words in print was soon curtailed, however, because his article caugh t the critical attention of one Joseph Delboeuf (1831-1896), a Belgian physiologist who had done some important work on the two-point threshold which had been overlooked by Binet. Delboeuf published a critique stating that his own much moresystematic experiments did not agree with several of Binets findings, and showing that he had already published a much more sophisticated version of Binets theory long before.Binet had obviously rushed prematurely into print, and Delboeuf publicly humiliated him for it. (Thorndike, R. M. , and D. F. Lohman, 1990). Even Delboeufs attack could not diminish Binets ardor for psychology, however, and his next passion became the associationist psychology of John Stuart Mill, whom he would later call my only master in psychology. Binet was persuaded by Mills arguments about the potentially unlimited explanatory power of associationism, and said as much in his second venture into psychological publication. ( gladden A.Palmer, Liora Bresler, David E. Coop er, 2003) Yet Binet was once again treading upon dangerous ground. associationism as a psychological doctrine clearly had its merits, but by 1883 much evidence had already accumulated to show that it could not stand as a complete explanation of mental phenomena, even after any possible innate factors were placed aside. In particular, associationism was ill equipped to account for varying motivational influences on thought, or for many of the unconscious phenomena that were coming to increasing attention at that time.Thus the laws of association were hard pressed to explain, by themselves, wherefore a particular starting thought can lead to totally different trains of associations, depending on the motivational state of the individual. Phenomena such as post-hypnotic amnesia posed another difficulty for exclusively associationistic theory. When a recently hypnotized subject was asked what happened while he was hypnotized and failed to remember, he provided an example of disassociat ion of ideas.The stimulus of the question failed to bring in its train the associated ideas and memories, including the answer, which one would normally expect. Mills laws of association had nothing to say about how ideas could become disconnected, or dissociated, from each other. (Joy A. Palmer, Liora Bresler, David E. Cooper, 2003) This time Binet recognized the deficiencies in his psychology without help from a Delboeuf, and took steps to remedy them. But even though he was soon to augment his associationism, he never lost admiration for its great though incomplete explanatory power.Years later, when he attacked the problem of assessing intelligence, he would not be restricted, as Galton and Cattell had been, to the consideration of presumably innate factors such as sensory acuity or neurological efficiency. Instead, Binet would argue that intelligence whatever else it was could never be isolated from the actual experiences, circumstances, and personal associations of the indivi dual in question. (Joy A. Palmer, Liora Bresler, David E. Cooper, 2003) Among Binets achievements was the founding (with Dr. Henri Beaunis) of the first French psychology journal, LAnnee psychologique, in 1895.He was a significant figure in early French psychology, and the studies of his two daughters likely influenced the resultant research of Jean Piaget. Though Binet was neither trained nor served as a school psychologist, he has had an enormous impact on the practice of school psychology. References Joy A. Palmer, Liora Bresler, David E. Cooper. Fifty Major Thinkers on Education From Confucius to Dewey Routledge, 2003 Thorndike, R. M. , and D. F. Lohman. A century of ability testing. Chicago Riverside, 1990 Wolf, T. H. Alfred Binet. Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1973

Happiness: Meaning of Life Essay

While satisfaction in a scientific sense mickle be explained as the chemicals released throughout our bodies, it still doesnt tell us fully why these are chemicals are sent and what it means in the over all in all adult male experience in scientific terms. From an fine perspective bliss is the largest comp atomic number 53nt in providing self-worth to ones self and with its absence we see people delve into the depths of depression losing the motivation and ability to serve tasks and live life to its fullest, and in some extreme cases losing the impart to live.On the opposite side of depression there is euphoria and this is where people experience moments in their life that they remember and cherish during convictions of reflection, it is at these moments when we find the most purpose in our lives especially when we enjoy what we are enjoying so therefore Aristotles statement can easily be viewed as correct as this essay will argue for. What does it mean to be happy? It seems t hat this is another one of those questions that can be argued in multiple ways but for this essay I will take Aristotles definition. Happiness, from Aristotles definition of a human as a being who recognises his potential to give form to himself (Colebrook 2006, p. 2).A person with depression and the utter lack of happiness views themself as worthless and doze off their passion of living, losing much their ability and potential. This fact of people committing suicide when they are overcome with sadness demonstrates that without happiness human beings lose their meaning and passion in life. Without this passion and drive depressed people tend to isolate themselves and do not live their lives to its fullest extent.It seems therefore that the purpose of our lives is to find those things that do make us happy, and then doing them. If theres a certain person in our lives that makes us happy, we need to find a way to spend more time with them. Because if youre not happy, you need to loo k at your life and think about why you arent feeling that amazing thing you want to be feeling. When a person reflects derriere on their life in their elder years the memoires they tend to remember are based around the feelings of joy and happiness such as the birth of their children or their first kiss, spending times with friends etc.These memories are funda mentally the building blocks of their personalities and without these moments of happiness a person would more than plausibly feel unfulfilled in their lives in reflection. We see this time and again when renowned people who have achieved great accomplishments turn to drugs and seep into mental illness when they are not happy with the direction of their life. This then demonstrates that regardless of what you accomplish if you are not enjoying what you are doing you whitethorn lose meaning in your life and turn to unhealthy methods so that you can cope with your current life style.Thirdly when people have the available time and resources it is more than likely that they will spend this leisure time doing activities that make them feel happy and give them self-satisfaction. Happiness can also be a by-product of on the job(p) (Andersen, W, 2008) occupation that the person enjoys. It therefore seems that humans will go through burdens so that they may enjoy the activity of their choice.An example of this would be working all week in a occupation you do not enjoy so that you may go on a camping trip with your family, support the coming saying that people live for the weekend as that is during the time when they are doing activities they enjoy, although these kinds of one off activities do not demonstrate lifelong happiness it must be something ongoing, a more long term activity that can be used as an example could be coaching a junior sport team. This therefore demonstrates if recreational activities are what people are working towards and it is what makes them happy it must then tie in with what they co nsider substantive in life and therefore be its purpose.If you can find something that makes you happy, truly happy, then life will be a lot better for you. It cant be something superficial, or something that only lasts for a day or two. Its something that affects your entire life. It lasts. It burns inside of you and it doesnt go out. That is happiness. It is therefore clearly that Aristotles statement that happiness is the meaning and purpose of life can be argued as correct on multiple basiss such as those people lacking happiness losing all meaning and purpose as explained in the second paragraph.In addition when people look back on their lives in reflection it is moments of happiness that people are most likely to remember and cherish and not those of turmoil and heartache. Furthermore people will pursue activities they find enjoyment and happiness in when given the opportunity demonstrating that they live for those brief moments of time. In conclusion it is clear that Aristo tles statement may well be correct but it is entirely dependent on the individual to find what makes them happy. References Colebrook, C 2006, Narrative Happiness and the meaning of life Andersen, W, 2008, ledger of Christian education, vol 51, No. 2, p1/p17.